Editing terminology

Editing

Editing is designed to be subtle so that the viewer hardly notices the transitions between each frame. However, every cut or effect is there for a reason, but editing is meant to be almost hidden but at the same time it needs to help the audience translate the narrative message - this makes is one of the hardest areas of textual analysis to spot and discuss.

Editing Techniques

Cut.

Sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another. On television cuts occur on average about every 7 or 8 seconds. Cutting may:

• change the scene;
• compress time;
• vary the point of view; or
• build up an image or idea

Less abrupt transitions are achieved with the fade, dissolve, and wipe (see below)

Matched cut.

In a 'matched cut' a familiar relationship between the shots may make the change seem smooth:

• continuity of direction;
• completed action;*
• a similar centre of attention in the frame;
• a one-step change of shot size (e.g. long to medium);
• a change of angle (conventionally at least 30 degrees)

*The cut is usually made on an action (for example, a person begins to turn towards a door in one shot; the next shot, taken from the doorway, catches him completing the turn). Because the viewer's eye is absorbed by the action he is unlikely to notice the movement of the cut itself.

Jump cut.

Abrupt switch from one scene to another which may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point. Sometimes boldly used to begin or end action. Alternatively, it may be result of poor pictorial continuity, perhaps from deleting a section.

Motivated cut.

Cut made just at the point where what has occurred makes the viewer immediately want to see something which is not currently visible (causing us, for instance, to accept compression of time). A typical feature is the shot/reverse shot technique (cuts coinciding with changes of speaker). Editing and camera work appear to be determined by the action. It is intimately associated with the 'privileged point of view' (see narrative style: objectivity).

Cutting rate.

Frequent cuts may be used as deliberate interruptions to shock, surprise or emphasize.

Cutting rhythm.

 A cutting rhythm may be progressively shortened to increase tension. Cutting rhythm may create an exciting, lyrical or staccato effect in the viewer.

Cross-cut.

A cut from one line of action to another. Also applied as an adjectuve to sequences which use such cuts.

Cutaway/cutaway shot (CA).

A bridging, intercut shot between two shots of the same subject. It represents a secondary activity occurring at the same time as the main action. It may be preceded by a definite look or glance out of frame by a participant, or it may show something of which those in the preceding shot are unaware. (See narrative style: parallel development) It may be used to avoid the technical ugliness of a 'jump cut' where there would be uncomfortable jumps in time, place or viewpoint. It is often used to shortcut the passing of time.

Reaction shot.

Any shot, usually a cutaway, in which a participant reacts to action which has just occurred.

Insert/insert shot.

A bridging close-up shot inserted into the larger context, offering an essential detail of the scene (or a reshooting of the action with a different shot size or angle.)

Buffer shot (neutral shot).

A bridging shot (normally taken with a separate camera) to separate two shots which would have reversed the continuity of direction.

Fade, dissolve (mix).

Both fades and dissolves are gradual transitions between shots. In a fade the picture gradually appears from (fades in) or disappears to (fades out) a blank screen. A slow fade-in is a quiet introduction to a scene; a slow fade-out is a peaceful ending. Time lapses are often suggested by a slow fade-out and fade-in. A dissolve (or mix) involves fading out one picture while fading up another on top of it. The impression is of an image merging into and then becoming another. A slow mix usually suggests differences in time and place. Defocus or ripple dissolves are sometimes used to indicate flashbacks in time.

Superimpositions.

Two of more images placed directly over each other (e.g. and eye and a camera lens to create a visual metaphor).

Wipe.

An optical effect marking a transition between two shots. It appears to supplant an image by wiping it off the screen (as a line or in some complex pattern, such as by appearing to turn a page). The wipe is a technique which draws attention to itself and acts as a clear marker of change.

Inset.

An inset is a special visual effect whereby a reduced shot is superimposed on the main shot. Often used to reveal a close-up detail of the main shot.

Split screen.

The division of the screen into parts which can show the viewer several images at the same time (sometimes the same action from slightly different perspectives, sometimes similar actions at different times). This can convey the excitement and frenzy of certain activities, but it can also overload the viewer.

Stock shot.

Footage already available and used for another purpose than the one for which it was originally filmed.

Texual analysis of class and status

Downton Abbey class and status - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IscFlwFNB6I

Camera shots:

A tracking shot is used at the start of the film when the man is riding his bike; this allows the audience to keep up with the pace of the clip. Then a long shot is used to show the manor house which allows the audience to become similar with the setting and where the man is biking too; which in this case looks as if it is in a posh and wealthy area which could represent the class where it is set at this apart of the clip. The scene then changes suddenly and shows a mid-shot of a girl sitting on her bed; and then a high angle shot is used as she looks out the window as the man of the bike, bikes past her house. This high angle shot used could emphasise her class as it shows that she would have more power as she is looking down at the man on his bike. This could be shown through representation of class and status as the women is still in bed shows that she does not have anything to get up for, where as the man on his bike has to get up in the morning and travel to work in order to get money; show shows the man of being of a lower class.  Another tracking shot is used in which the camera angle is low as the main man is walking down the stairs, this also would represent that he could be quite powerful, the effect this camera shot has is that it make him look taller and bigger to represent the fact that he has a lot of power. From this shot after walking down the stairs it moves straight into a close up, this allows the audience to become familiar of what of who he is, this is because as he is the main man the audience need to become familiar compared to when they are in the servants room a mid and long shots of used, and also in this scene there are a lot of them in the kitchen so therefore it’s hard to remember all of their faces. Also a key point of when status is shown in this clip is when the main man sits down and has his breakfast; the other two women come in and stand over his shoulder, because they are both standing over him could show that he has more power than the women as he is sitting down and they are standing up. Also this shot shows him sitting at the top of the table which could show his power as he is head of the table, compared to the girls as they sit at the side of the table. Also with this being a mid/long shot allows the audience to see the difference between where they higher class eat compared to the servants as they are all in rows and in a compact space which represents the higher and lower class.

Editing:

The editing is also important when quick cuts are used; this allows the audience to understanding the different lifestyles very quickly, due to the comparison. This is shown when the lady Mary rings the bell and the frame moves onto the workers downstairs, and they are all eating their breakfast then all of a sudden they all jump up to them. This is high quality editing as it also shows the difference in class; as the servants jump up to the sound of the high class. Also there are two mid-shot used to represent the class and status at this point during the clip. It shows the busy working class looking after the rich and then immediately turns to the butler man standing in the Conner waiting over the rich. This shows that the higher class are rich enough to even have someone to look after them, then compared to the lower class as they have to look after themselves and work just to be able to provide for themselves and their family. Also a reverse camera shot is used to show the difference between the high class and the lower class as the lower class are seen as almost invisible to the other higher class in the house; compared to the working class as they know all of the names of the wealthy. Finally editing is shown when a long shot is used in both the working class room and the higher class room. The editing shows the difference in life style whereby the working class are in a small room and their all busy working. Whereas in the wealthy breakfast room they are all really calm and doing as they please.

Sound:

 At the start of the clip the sound shows key representation of class and status by hearing the diegetic sound of the bike along the pavement, this compares to the difference between the working class and the higher class as the working class have to make their own travel and because the higher class are so used to getting took places in posh cars and high class travel. This reinforce the lifestyle of the working class compared to the higher class. In lady Mary's scene when she got out of bed we hear the sound of the fire, as she has a fire in her room suggests that she is of a upper class as they can afford to do that and it also allows her to wake up nice and warm compered to that of the working class that have to bike in the cold to work and that have more than likely woken up in a cold room. A key
dialogue that represent the class of the working class and the high class is when one of the female servants says 'and they're off' this shows that they now have to severe them now that they are up and they have to jump up when they are ready. She has a angry tone in her voice which suggest that she is fed up of running after people like that.




Mise en scene:

At the start of the clip we see a man on his bike in the early hours of the morning, his costume is typical of that of a working class man, also as he is travelling on his bike could suggest this is the only way he is able to travel around as he cannot afford other ways of travel such as a car. Then as he is riding his bike and the camera shows him riding towards the manor house which shows a contrast in class. This is a contrasting clip as the clip then immediately changes to the girl just waking up. By her just waking up suggests that she doesn't have the typical life of a working class, as she is of a higher class she doesn't not have to rush around and earn money as people do that for her. Also as the man on the bike is already up, out and earning money, in comparison to the girl who has just woken up and a night white lace dress; the type of dress this is comes across as a rich women, as a working class women will be more likely to wear cheaper clothing material as they would not be able to afford lace. Also when the higher class people wake up they already look natural, compared to that of the servants who look as id they are in dirty clothing that they wear all of the time.

Analysis of Mise En Scene: 8 areas

Analysis of Mise En Scene:


Consists broadly of 8 areas:

• Colour
• Costume
• Lighting
• Body language/posture
• Framing
• Hair and makeup
• Setting and props
• Facial expressions

Colour:
The colour in the picture is fairly dull on both of the sides where the man and women are sitting but where the girl is sitting it is brighter this could suggest that her parents are quite dull charters and as she is still young she is still happy and bright. Also the colours that they are wearing the adults are both wearing fairly boring/dull clothing compared to the girl that is wearing red clothing which could suggest that she is more of a danger, but also mixed in with innocents as the red and white go together. The colour in the room is very neutral which could suggest that they are all a fairly well commutating family and that they get on well.
Costume:
The clothing that they are wearing shows that they could be classed as quite a well of family, as both the mum and the dad look like this clothing could also be fairly expensive as the women is wearing a silk looking top and the man is wearing a formal shirt, which is also a sort of old fashioned look. The girl is wearing more of a casual/informal clothing the red and white together on her top could suggest innocent but also dangerous. From what they are wearing suggest that it could be set around the 1970's
lighting:
The lighting in this picture is quite dull, the girl in the middle is the person that has the most light on them and the 2 adults are dark on here due to the lightening. This could suggest that they may be in a bad mood or arguing with their daughter, this could be shown by the way that they are both looking at her, but also the way that she is looking back at the man in the picture. The candles around her could suggest that she is center of attention, also as the light up around her could suggest that she is still bright.
body language/posture
The body language in this picture suggests that they could be arguing; this is seen as the man is clenching his fists together and looking at her. The women looks as if she doesn't want the man to get to angry as the way her hands are placed on the table as if she is nervous about what could happen, also her face looks as if she is sacred and worried. The girls body language also looks very angry, see also seem to look down at the man with her eyes, as if he has done something wrong and that she is trying to get out of what ever she has done wrong which has made the man so angry. The way in which they sit in this is also very formal especially the women; as they all sit with good posture, also their elbows are not placed on the table which is seen as good manners at the dinner table.
framing:
The family are set out around the table in quite a formal way, they are all spread out and they are sat in a way a formal family would sit around a table; where by the two adults are facing each other so it is almost like a 'dinner date' and then the girl out of their way around the other side facing no one. Also during this frame it is set out very old fashioned (like in the 1970's).
hair and makeup
The hair is typical of a 1970 look, by the women having short hair would suggest that the time this was set in also the women looks like she takes a lot of pride in her self and by her looking like this suggests that she has time to do this, therefore could suggest that she is well of and therefore has a lot of time on her hands. The girl also has silt back her in a pony tail, this could also be seen a formal around a dinner table as the hair will be out the way when eating, also this could be seen as the opposite to the women as she doesn't take as much pride in herself and that she is busy so dosent have as much time to do her hair and make up. Although the girl has red lipstick on which could suggest that she is a danger.Both the women's and girls make up is quite natural would could suggest they don't need to impress. The mans house is quite a typical style for the 70's. 
setting and props:
In this picture the setting looks as if it is in the 1970's/80's this is seen through both the style of the characters and the framing which in this case looks old and formal. The setting is also around the dinner table which is also set out in a formal way, by having lit candles and flowers, the bunch of flowers are red which also runs the theme of the girl being dangerous but the lights shinning on her suggests the opposite. Also the table layout with the props is that typical of a high class family, due to the women drinking her wine, as a lower class family would not be drinking wine at the dinner table. 
facial expressions: 
The mans facial expressions comes across as being angry at the girl as he is looking directly at her and the girl is looking very unhappy and giving a straight face towards the man which could suggest she doesn't agree with him, where as the women is looking nervous, but also a bit shocked about what is happening. The man seems to have a lot of power here as he comes across as being power and also the other two females look as if they are just listening to him.

Prezi for research

representation of disabilty

stereotypes:
The media continue to enforce disability stereotypes portraying disabled individuals in a negative un-empowering way. 
In his 1991 study, Paul Hunt identified 10 stereotypes that the media use to portray disabled people:

1. The disabled person as pitiable or pathetic
2. An object of curiosity or violence
3. Sinister or evil
4. The super cripple
5. As atmosphere
6. Laughable
7. His/her own worst enemy
8. As a burden
9. As Non-sexual
10. Being unable to participate in daily life

The media's tends represent disabled people in a vulnerable and weak way by showing that they don't have much control of their actions and they may not be able to do certain thing a abled body person is able to do e.g.. walk. In TV dramas a lot of the characters are often ignored and seen as an outcast as they are not able and behave in the way the majority of the cast can; therefore not taking part in the same activities and restricting of what they are able to do.

 camera shots:
When the women firsts opens the door a long shot is used of the door way , and the boy in the wheel chair is the only person visible; and the only thing that the audience can see of the other 2 characters is their leg which emphasise the fact that he is lower down. Then a high angle shot is used during this clip at the start when she opens the door which shows the characters vulnerability as he is made out to look even smaller and the other characters look down on him which shows that he lacks power.  A mid shot is used during the clip to emphasise the fact that he is in a wheel chair and the other character is his carer, this shows that he needs someone to help him all the time and he does need to be in someone's care because he then gets passed to the girl. also there is a long shot when he gets put into his bed.


editing:
The editing in this clip is that it cuts the clips short to make the clip flow better, for example when she is putting the boy into her bed and then goes onto the scene when the carer is in the car.


sound;
There is not a lot of sound in this clip as the clip comes across as quite sensitive as it looks like this is one of his first times in bed with a girl so it nervous. Also when he firsts knocks onto the door where she lives she gives a awkward silence when seeing him, and throughout of the clip he comes across as a quite person.


mise en scene:
The boy in the clip is disabled, he is seen to have no control over his own body, as his carer puts him in the bed and then the girls takes off his clothes for him. Also the surrounding of the house comes across nice and it is clear to see it will only be them to in the house, and its obviously it is her bedroom there in because of the pink surroundings.

Textual analysis of disabity in The Street

camera shots:
Throughout the clip the camera shot, always seem to show the man on the side of his bad face, this is mostly seen in close up and mid shots of the man. When he mentioned about getting his old job back a close up is shown of the 2 other men, looking shocked as if they will not give him the job back; as they act awkward. When the man mentions about the cuts, the camera then shows them looking at what the other workers are doing and all of the stuff they are working with as they still all have their jobs, this shows that they may be lying about not giving his old job back and that he will not give it him because of his disability. There is also a lot of two shots during this clip this allows the audience to see the difference as he is a disabled as he has lost his hand and has a big scar on the side of his face. This is represented in the scene when he is walking up the road and the women is following behind which also shows a long shot. this may represents the fact that he doesn't like it when he is targeted about his appearance. Another camera is used when he is in the room asking to go into the army as the camera shot used is a establishing shot which emphasise why he may go there as on of the pictures on the wall shows a smoke bomb going off and lots of smoke.


editing:
The scene where the music begins to get load when he walks of from the women and through the busy town is a key bit of editing as the music overlaps in the scenes and he walks at the pace of the music, this could also represent his mood as he is upset after what has just occurred with the women and he is now walking through a busy town with everyone looking. As the man is walking up the street and goes to help out the women a quick cut shout is used when, she screams at the mans and then the next shot is a direct close up of the man and his scar on his face. Also as then they are running up the street it shows a behind view and then changes to a front view this shows represents a reaction shot and the fact that there is a change in perspective as the shout shows the man walking off from her and in the end it shows the women coming after him which then suggest that as he is disabled he should be the one that is chased and looked after as he is not cable himself. as he is walking through the town cut shots are used to shows peoples reactions of him and by showing this a number of times relates to the fact that he is different and also he gets the same reaction of everyone, which shows that people see him the same, in comparison to all the other people in the town that are all different.

sound:

The main bit of sound during the clip that represents the way he feels about his disability and how he reacts to other people commenting. As he walks of from the women the sound goes really loud and takes over the sound of any action such as walking and the noise of the crowd of people in the city centre, this could represent the fact that he has blocked everything out and zoned out from everything because as he is walking through the city centre people are looking and staring at him, but in this scene he does not seem to care about this, where as he did before. The music is also at a fast pace and represents the pace that he is walking at and as it is face it also emphasises tat he is angry and upset. The sound through the scene build up tension as the music does get louder and louder, which then makes the audience more anxious for what is going to happen next or what he is going to do as he looks angry and hurt.
mise en scene:
The clip shows that the class of the man may be quite low as this is shown in the scene with the women, the shot show a terraced street; also the fact the women has got a taxi back from the shops shows that she may be unable to afford a car. As the man is also walking down this street shows that he lives around the area as he does know the woman which could also empathise the fact why he wants his old jobs back so much because he needs money in order to afford things for himself, But since his accident he is unable to get his job back. The man is also represented as a being different; as he has a big scar over his face, which makes people look at him more and in a strange way. This is shown when he is walking down the street through the busy town; the shots of the camera show this by showing them look at him in a strange way, which is also emphasised with the woman as she screams when she sees him. Also the place at the start of the scene doesn't seem the nicest place and when he says that the company is struggling for money could suggest that they don't have a lot of money which could be the reason why the place doesn't look very nice and unsafe.



Grand Budapest Hotel Research

1. The issues raised by media ownership in contemporary media practice; (how do who owns a media company influence the type of film made and its potential success? For example do BIG companies make BIG films and therefore make all the money? Is it possible for small companies to succeed?)

Usually the films made by big companies such as Disney and warner brothers are likely to be very successful as they have more money for the cast, production, directors etc. Although the grand Budapest hotel was produced by 3 companies, American Empirical Picture, Indian paintbrush and Babelsberg studio, and directed by Wes Anderson, he has also been in 2 other films that were produced by Indian paintbrush. The 1production of the grand Budapest was very small companies compared to those of Disney. The budget of the film was $31m but at box office it made $172.7m. So yes it is possible for small companies to succeed and they don’t need to be part of the big 6 in order to do so; and no, not all big films make all the money, as it is shown in the grand Budapest due to their box office figure compared to their budget as their overall box office total is almost 6 times more.

2.  The importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing; (how do companies work together to produce, distribute and publicize a film? How can Disney use their size to promote and publicise a film? How can small companies work together to promote their business' when making and promoting a film?)

The grand Budapest production company was called Babelsberg studio; this was filmed in the capital city of Germany, Berlin and financed by German film-funding and film funding organisation it is a british-german co-production. The distributed was fox searchlight pictures which is sister of 21 century fox which is part of the big six; which is already an advantage on promoting the film. It helps if they work together as they can put all the money together to make it into a better film as they will be able to afford more expensive things to include in the film such as A-list stars to make the film do better.; and it will also promote the other company in this case Indian paintbrush, American empirical picture and Babelsberg. Disney can help promote as film such as the grand Budapest by advising on their adverts, also the size of Disney could help publicise a film as they may be ask for money of the other disturbed after the film is made so they will still make a huge profit even if they are to give money as, this way of disturbing and marketing has many advantages.

3.  The technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange; (how has the introduction of digital film, 3D, DVD, Blu Ray, internet streaming, downloadable content, home cinema influenced the types of films made, the way we watch them and the way we 'buy' them?)

A lot of people purchase films on DVD, blu ray, internet streaming etc due to the technology around now days. The grand Budapest hotel is available on DVD and blu ray and online for internet streaming. The grand Budapest was screened in the uk on 284 screens and since then has been available to watch on the internet through the advance in technology, as people can now copy the videos on their laptop and can be views on home TV screens, which creates a different atmosphere, which the viewer may prefer. The increase in technology has also made it easier to watch films online being they don’t need to go to the shop to get a copy. But this can have a major disadvantage on the film as a lot of the film found online and through streaming will mean that they are free to watch therefore the company will be losing out on money. Online the film was available on sites such as Netflix’s which could be named one of the best sites to watch home cinema films as they offer hundreds of films, one of which is the grand Budapest and the audience will have to pay toward this so the film is still making money.

   4. the significance of proliferation in hardware and content for institutions and audiences;(how and why have film companies had to alter the way they work now everyone has web enabled phones, PC's, consoles etc? How have audiences changed  their viewing habits now we no longer need to go to the cinema to watch a film)

films companies have now have to alter the way they work now everyone has web enabled phone, PC etc.; as they now have to be viewed on different websites/technology e.g. flash player as this will change the film into a different view that mobile phones are not able to access, so view the film in a different format. Audience have changed their viewing habits as now we are able to watch films in the comfort of our own homes which also saves time and money as the cinemas are more expensive than buying the filming and viewing it online so they prefer it this way; also this way they can watch it anytime for the same price. So many people waited for the grand Budapest to come out on DV because there was a buzz around the film so would influence people to buy the film.

5.  The importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences; (can you think of examples of how different technologies have come together to help the film industry?)

The improved technology has allowed filming to improve due to new cameras improving the quality of the filing. In this case in the grand Budapest there is a voice over throughout and also included songs from artist that will then mean that people will be familiar with them and attract them more to it. also during the ski scene the is amazing camera technology used their allowing it to look real when really it is not. As a film industry due to new technologies they have come together to help the importance of technological convergence, for example advertising them on TV which will make and attract a bigger audience to the film.

6. the issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions; (how do film companies try and attract their audience? Do they do different things in different countries?)

Film companies help attract their audience by marketing the film; Wes Anderson did this is a number of different ways, one of them being using a 3D model of the hotel, due to its bright colours and look of the hotel it will attract the audience. Also by having a trailer advertised for the film on TV and through other cinema shows, another way that they attracted their audience was by some of the cast involved as they are fairly well known by people across Europe and worldwide so would put their faces and the hotel on billboard which would make audience check out the film. As grand Budapest hotel was a small budget film the amount of marketing was limited.  

     7. the ways in which the candidates’ own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns and trends of audience behaviour. (what is your opinion on the above? Do you see the developments as a good or bad thing?) Link this area to the film. Use clear examples.

I think that there are some improvements that could be made but also some things that do not need to be changed. For example an improvement could be made to how the company’s link together to make each other films successful, another improvement to the grand Budapest is to but all the money together to make it a better film. But the Grand Budapest did make huge profits so improvements may not be needed as much; as I would keep the same the voice over and the technology used.